SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES: RATING ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY AND RISK ANALYSIS (USING KAZAKHSTAN AS AN EXAMPLE)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2023-2-4Keywords:
sustainable development, urbanisation, sustainable city, economic sustainability, social sustainability, environmental sustainability, factors of sustainable city development, sustainable development rating of cities, sustainability risksAbstract
World experience shows that in the context of the increase in urbanisation, the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals largely depends on the sustainability of cities. It was hypothesised that big cities in Kazakhstan are more stable than medium-sized cities and single-industry towns. The study aims to develop a modified rating assessment methodology for sustainable development of cities and test it using cities in Kazakhstan as an example in order to develop tools for planning and monitoring the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals taking into account country specifics. To this end, such methods as generalisation, concretisation, economic and statistical, factorial and comparative analysis, ranking, and mapping were used. A modified methodology for rating assessment of sustainable development of cities based on social, economic, environmental factors was proposed. The method for the mapping of sustainable development risks was utilised. The research substantiated the criteria and typology of risks of sustainable urban development, which can be adapted to country-specific circumstances. The possibility of its use was demonstrated on the example of different types and categories of cities in Kazakhstan. The study was limited due to the inaccessibility of statistical data, especially for small towns and single-industry towns. The obtained results can be used to simulate and monitor the implementation of socio-economic programmes in cities of Kazakhstan and other countries. The research findings can be used as the basis for mechanisms and tools intended to make decisions by authorities to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and develop sustainable cities.
References
Alibekova, G., Panzabekova, A., Satpayeva, Z. T. & Abilkayir, N. (2018). Sustainable development issues of Almaty as the largest metropolis in Central Asia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 177, 012010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/177/1/012010
Altamirano-Avila, A. & Martinez, M. (2021). Urban Sustainability Assessment of Five Latin American Cities by Using SDEWES Index. Journal of Cleaner Production, 287, 125495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125495
Anker, R. & Anker, M. (2017) Living Wages Around the World. Manual for Measurement. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, 329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786431462
Antwi-Afari, P., Owusu-Manu, D.-G., Simons, B., Debrah, C. & Ato Ghansah, F. (2021). Sustainability guidelines to attaining smart sustainable cities in developing countries: a Ghanaian context. Sustainable Futures, 3, 100044. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2021.100044
Bahers, J.-B., Barles, S. & Durand, M. (2018). Urban Metabolism of Intermediate Cities the Material Flow Analysis, Hinterlands and the Logistics-hub Function of Rennes and Le Mans (France). Journal of industrial ecology, 23(3), 686-698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12778
Baumgartner, S. & Quaas, M. (2010). What is sustainability economics? Ecological Economics, 69, 445–450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.019
Birbi, S. E. & Krogstie, J. (2021). Data-driven smart sustainable cities of the future: an evidence synthesis approach to a comprehensive state-of-the-art literature review. Sustainable Futures, 3, 100047. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2021.100047
Bobylev, S. N., Kudryavtsev, A. V. & Solovyov, S. V. (2014). Sustainable development indicators for cities. Ekonomika regiona [Economy of region], 3, 101-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17059/2014-3-9
Chaikovskaya, N. V. (2005). Problems of ensuring the economic stability of the economic system of the region. Regionalnaya ekonomika: teoriya i praktika [Regional Economics: Theory and Practice], 6, 33-35. (In Russ.)
Denevizyuk, D. A. (2012). Sustainable development of the city: questions of the theory and methods of appreciation. Regionalnye problemy preobrazovaniya ekonomiki [Regional Problems of Transforming the Economy], 2, 103-112. (In Russ.)
Fauzer, V. V., Smirnov, A. V. & Fauzer, G. N. (2021). Demographic Assessment of the Sustainability of Small and Medium-sized Cities in the Russian North. Ekonomika regiona [Economy of region], 17(2), 552-569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-2-14. (In Russ.)
Grebenkin, I. V. (2018). The Influence of Diversification on Innovative Activity in Regional Manufacturing Industry. Ekonomika regiona [Economy of Region], 14(2), 600-611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17059/2018-2-21 (In Russ.)
He, C. (2010). China Modernization Report Outlook (2001-2010). Beijing: Peking University Press, 255.
Hens L. (2010). The challenge of the sustainable city. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 12, 875–876. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-010-9259-3
Jaderi, F., Ibrahim, Z. Z., Jaafarzadeh, N., Abdullah, R., Shamsudin, M. N., Yavari, A. R. & Nabavi, S. M. B. (2014). Methodology for modelling of city sustainable development based on fuzzy logic: a practical case. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 11(1), 71-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2014.889719
Kerimray, A., De Miglio, R., Rojas-Solórzano, L. & Ó Gallachóir, B. P. (2018). Causes of energy poverty in a cold and resource-rich country: evidence from Kazakhstan. Local Environment, 23(2), 178-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2017.1397613
Kolomak, E. (2014). Development of Russian Urban System: Tendencies and Determinants. Voprosy ekonomiki, 10, 82-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-10-82-96 (In Russ.)
Lutzkendorf, T. & Balouktsi M. (2017). Assessing a sustainable urban development: typology of indicators and sources of information. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 38, 546–553. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.122.
Nurlanova, N. K. & Kireyeva, A. A. (2013). The problems of spatial modernization of the economy and new approaches to way out from crisis: Kazakhstan’s experience. Journal Distribution of Science, 11(3), 39-48.
Pakina, A. & Batkalova, A. (2018). The green space as a driver of sustainability in Post-Socialist urban areas: the case of Almaty City (Kazakhstan). Belgeo, 4, 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/belgeo.28865.
Scheba, A., Turok, I. & Visagie, J. (2021). Inequality and urban density: socio-economic drivers of uneven densification in Cape Town. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 12(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425321998026
Shmelev, S. E., Sagiyeva, R. K., Kadyrkhanova, Z. M., Chzhan, Y. Y., Shmeleva, I. A. (2018). Comparative Sustainability Analysis of Two Asian Cities: A Multidimensional Assessment of Taipei and Almaty. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 5(3), 143-155. DOI: http://doi.org/ 10.13106/jafeb.2018.vol5.no3.143.
UN Habitat. (2009). Planning sustainable cities. London: Earthscan, 306.
Wong, C. (2014). A Framework for ‘City Prosperity Index’: Linking Indicators, Analysis and Policy. Habitat International, 45, 3–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.06.018
Xu, L., Du, H. & Zhang, X. (2021). A classification approach for urban metabolism using the CART model and its application in China. Ecological Indicators, 123, 107345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107345
