<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><issn publication-format="print">2072-6414</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1406</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17059/ekon.reg.2024-4-8</article-id><title-group xml:lang="en"><article-title>Assessment of the Sustainability of Border Ecosystems  under Geopolitical Challenges</article-title></title-group><title-group xml:lang="ru"><article-title>Оценка устойчивости приграничных экосистем в условиях геополитических вызовов</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5866-5652</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakimova</surname><given-names>Vilena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якимова </surname><given-names>Вилена Анатольевна </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>vilena_yakimova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3632-6702</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pankova</surname><given-names>Svetlana V. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панкова</surname><given-names>Светлана Валентиновна </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>panksv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Amur State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Амурский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Orenburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Оренбургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-27" publication-format="electronic"/><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>1087</fpage><lpage>1101</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-04-15"/><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-08-28"/></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright © 2024 Vilena A. Yakimova, Svetlana V. Pankova</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright © 2024 Вилена Анатольевна Якимова, Светлана Валентиновна Панкова</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vilena A. Yakimova, Svetlana V. Pankova</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вилена Анатольевна Якимова, Светлана Валентиновна Панкова</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read/><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="html" mimetype="text/html" xlink:title="article webpage" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/861">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/861</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" mimetype="application/pdf" xlink:title="article pdf" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/861/359">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/861/359</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Interest in the problems of studying border ecosystems is caused by the fact that they function under the influence of both internal environmental factors and external macro – and meso-environment. Most studies in the field of the ecosystem approach in regional economics are theoretical in nature and are not supported by empirical analysis. The purpose of the article is to assess the influence of internal and external environmental factors on the sustainability of business ecosystems located in border regions. The methodology is based on the selection of ecosystems under study and the identification of their distinctive characteristics – emergence and cooperative competition. For assessment and grouping, methods of cluster analysis and principal components were used using machine learning in the Phyton programming language. As a result of the study, system-forming factors that are important both from the perspective of ecosystem theory and specific to the border state were identified and grouped; indicators have been formed that allow a comprehensive assessment of the influence of environmental factors on the sustainability of ecosystems; Four clusters were proposed and ecosystems were ranked by type of sustainability. Two classes of the most stable ecosystems with a high level of joint activity, located in favourable border conditions, have been identified. Most ecosystems are classified as unstable for two groups of reasons: the influence of geopolitical factors (66 ecosystems) and instability of the internal environment (65 ecosystems), which hinders their development. During the analysis of the principal components, ecosystems were grouped according to the integral sustainability score and key factors were identified (presence of large enterprises, cooperative ties between actors, foreign investments, import operations with friendly countries, institutional environment and border infrastructure). 47 stable ecosystems and 43 most unstable ones were identified. The results of the study are of practical importance for the development of strategies for the development of regional entrepreneurship, taking into account changes and adaptation to environmental challenges.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Интерес к проблематике исследования приграничных экосистем вызван тем, что они функционируют под влиянием как факторов внутренней среды, так и внешней макро- и мезосреды. Большинство исследований в области экосистемного подхода в региональной экономике носят теоретический характер и не подкрепляются эмпирическим анализом. Цель статьи заключается в оценке влияния факторов внутренней и внешней среды на устойчивость предпринимательских экосистем, находящихся в приграничных регионах. Методика основана на отборе исследуемых экосистем и выявлении их отличительных характеристик — эмерджентности и коопконкуренции. Для оценки и группировки применялись методы кластерного анализа и главных компонент с использованием машинного обучения на языке программирования Phyton. В результате исследования выделены и сгруппированы системообразующие факторы, важные с позиции теории экосистем и специфические для приграничного состояния; сформированы индикаторы, позволяющие комплексно оценить влияние факторов среды на устойчивость экосистем; предложены четыре кластера и проведено ранжирование экосистем по типам устойчивости. Определены два класса наиболее устойчивых экосистем с высоким уровнем совместной деятельности, находящихся в благоприятных приграничных условиях. Большая часть экосистем отнесена к классам неустойчивости по двум группам причин: влияние геополитических факторов (66 экосистем) и неустойчивость внутренней среды (65 экосистем), что сдерживает их развитие. В ходе анализа главных компонент произведена группировка экосистем по интегральному баллу устойчивости и определены ключевые факторы (наличие крупных предприятий, кооперативные связи между акторами, иностранные инвестиции, импортные операции с дружественными странами, институциональная среда и приграничная инфраструктура). Выделено 47 устойчивых экосистем и 43 наиболее неустойчивых. Результаты проведенного исследования имеют прикладное значение для разработки стратегий развития регионального предпринимательства с учетом изменений и адаптации к вызовам окружающей среды.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>entrepreneurial ecosystem, borderlands, regional ecosystem, entrepreneurial activity, sustainability</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>предпринимательская экосистема, приграничье, региональная экосистема, предпринимательская активность, устойчивость</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body/><back><ack xml:lang="en"><p>This article was prepared by the research through the grant of the Russian Science Foundation № 23-28-00044 on the topic «Conceptual model of a regional entrepreneurial ecosystem in a digital environment», https://rscf.ru/project/23-28-00044/.</p></ack><ack xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья подготовлена по результатам исследований, выполненных за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-28-00044 на тему: «Концептуальная модель региональной предпринимательской экосистемы в условиях цифровой среды», https://rscf.ru/project/23-28-00044/.</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="en-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acs, Z. J., Autio, E., &amp; Szerb, L. (2014). National systems of entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications. Research Policy, 43 (3), 476–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.08.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aikhele, D. V. (2016). Challenges of crossborder cooperation and busines development in the border regions of the United States. Mezhdunarodnyi zhurnal prikladnykh i fundamental’nykh issledovanii [International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research], (5), 776-780. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antonyuk, V. S., &amp; Kornienko, E. L. (2022). Economic development of Russia’s old industrial border regions. Journal of New Economy, 23 (2), 45-63. https://doi.org/10.29141/2658–5081-2022-23-2-3 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barykin, S. Y., Kapustina, I. V., Kirillova, T. V., Yadykin, V., &amp; Konnikov, Y. A. (2020). Economics of Digital Ecosystems. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6 (4), 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040124</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bochulia, T. (2021). Digital business transformation: Trends, innovative models, a development program. E3S Web of Conferences, 307, 02001. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130702001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brodny, J., &amp; Tutak, M. (2023). Assessing regional implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 9 “Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation” in Poland. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 195, 122773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122773</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown, R., &amp; Mason, C. (2017). Looking inside the spiky bits: A critical review and conceptualization of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Small Business Economics, 49 (1), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9865-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elia, G., Margherita, A., &amp; Passiante, G. (2020). Digital entrepreneurship ecosystem: How digital technologies and collective intelligence are reshaping the entrepreneurial process. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 150, 119791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119791</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epifanova, N. S., &amp; Akulinin, V. N. (2021). Border Trade between Regions of Russia and Provinces of China. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya, filologiya [Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology], 20 (10), 103-116. https://doi.org/10.25205/1818–7919-2021-20-10-103-116 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin, M., Han, X., &amp; Li, M. (2023). Trade-offs of multiple urban ecosystem services based on land-use scenarios in the Tumen River cross-border area. Ecological Modelling, 482, 110368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110368</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khmeleva, G. A., &amp; Nedelka, E. (2022). Current global challenges and risks for cross-border regional cooperation. Ekonomicheskie Otnosheniya [Journal of international economic affairs], 12 (3), 309-322. https://doi.org/10.18334/eo.12.3.115098 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kleiner, G. B. (2019). Ecosystem economy: step into the future. Ekonomicheskoe vozrozhdenie Rossii [Economic Revival of Russia], (1(59)), 40-45. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzavko, A. S. (2023). Border regions in conditions of integration: Theoretical estimations and practical results. Vestnik Instituta Ekonomiki Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk [The Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences], (2), 108-130. https://doi.org/10.52180/2073–6487_2023_2_108_130 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lafuente, E., Ács, Z. J., &amp; Szerb, L. (2021). A composite indicator analysis for optimizing entrepreneurial ecosystems. Research Policy, 51 (9) 104379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104379</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lavrikova, Yu. G., Andreeva, E. L., &amp; Ratner, A. V. (2021). Development Factors of Region’s Foreign Economic Activity in the Context of Global Challenges. Ekonomika regiona [Economy of region], 17 (2), 688-712. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-2-24 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leendertse, J., Schrijvers, M., &amp; Stam, E. (2022). Measure Twice, Cut Once: Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Metrics. Research Policy, 51 (9), 104336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104336</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li-Ying, J., Sofka, W., &amp; Tuertscher, Ph. (2022). Managing innovation ecosystems around Big Science Organizations. Technovation, 116, 102523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102523</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malikov, R. I., &amp; Grishin, K. E. (2018). Methodological approaches to the research of the regional ecosystem of entrepreneurship. Vestnik UGNTU. Nauka, obrazovanie, ekonomika. Seriya: Ekonomika [Bulletin USPTU. Science, Education, Economy. Series Economy], (3(25)), 113-124. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moroshkina, M. V. (2019). Principal mechanisms for developing border areas: Economic and social considerations: Evidence from Russia and Finland. Regional’naya ekonomika: teoriya i praktika [Regional Economics: Theory and Practice], 17 (5), 895-909. https://doi.org/10.24891/RE.17.5.895 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murzagalina, G. M. (2019). Features of studying business environment of regions. Ekonomika: vchera, segodnya, zavtra [Economics: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow], 9 (9А), 210-218. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ovchinnikova, A. V., &amp; Zimin, S. D. (2021). The Birth of the Concept of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and its Evolution. Ekonomika, predprinimatelstvo i parvo [Journal of Economics, Entrepreneurship and Law], 11 (6), 1497–1514. https://doi.org/10.18334/epp.11.6.112307 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ovchinnikova, A. V., &amp; Zimin, S. D. (2022). System and Consistency as the Basis of the Classification Approach to Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. Ekonomika, predprinimatelstvo i parvo [Journal of Economics, Entrepreneurship and Law], 12 (2), 495-510. https://doi.org/10.18334/epp.12.2.114177 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palmié, M., Miehé, L., Oghazi, P., Parida, V., &amp; Wincent, J. (2022). The evolution of the digital service ecosystem and digital business model innovation in retail: The emergence of meta-ecosystems and the value of physical interactions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 177, 121496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121496</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prokhorova, V. V., Kolomyts, O. N., &amp; Stepanets, L. Y. (2020). Regional entrepreneurial ecosystems as a progressive form of socio-economic development of rural areas. Vestnik Instituta druzhby narodov Kavkaza (Teoriya ekonomiki i upravleniya narodnym khozyaistvom) [Bulletin Peoples’ Friendship Institute of the Caucasus (The Economy and National Economy Management)], (3(55)), 31-36. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pushpananthan, G., &amp; Elmquist, M. (2022). Joining forces to create value: The emergence of an innovation ecosystem. Technovation, 115, 102453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2021.102453</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simmonds, H., Gazley, A., Kaartemo, V., Renton, M., &amp; Hooper, V. (2021). Mechanisms of service ecosystem emergence: Exploring the case of public sector digital transformation. Journal of Business Research, 137, 100-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.08.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnov, V. P. (2018). Using the opportunities of the territories of sustainable development for the formation of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Upravlencheskie nauki v sovremennom mire [Managerial sciences in the modern world], 1(1), 539-543. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smitskikh, K. V. (2022). Theoretical aspects of the interactions between actors in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Kreativnaya ekonomika [Journal of Creative Economy], 16 (10), 3901–3912. http://doi.org/10.18334/ce.16.10.116323 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solodilova, N. Z., Malikov, R. I., &amp; Grishin, C. E. (2018). Configuration Approach to Researching Regional Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. Economicheskaya politika [Economic policy], 13 (5), 134-155. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spilling, O. R. (1996). The entrepreneurial system: On entrepreneurship in the context of a mega-event. Journal of Business Research, 36 (1), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148–2963(95)00166-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stam, E., &amp; Spigel, B. (2016). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. Utrecht School of Economics. Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute. Discussion Paper Series 16-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref32"><label>32</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tartaruga, I., Sperotto, F., Carvalho, L. (2024). Addressing inclusion, innovation, and sustainability challenges through the lens of economic geography: Introducing the hierarchical regional innovation system. Geography and Sustainability, 5 (1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2023.10.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref33"><label>33</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ullah, A., Pinglu, Ch., Ullah, S., Qaisar, Z. H., &amp; Qian, N. (2022). The dynamic nexus of E-Government, and sustainable development: Moderating role of multi-dimensional regional integration index in Belt and Road partner countries. Technology in Society, 68, 101903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101903</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref34"><label>34</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urom, Ch., &amp; Ndubuisi, G. (2023). Do geopolitical risks and global market factors influence the dynamic dependence among regional sustainable investments and major commodities? The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 91, 94-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2023.07.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="en-ref35"><label>35</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang, H., Gou, X., Xue, B., Xu, J., Wei, Y., &amp; Ma, W. (2023). Measuring the cross-border spillover effects and telecoupling processes of ecosystem services in Western China. Environmental Research, 239 (1), 117291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117291</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Айхеле, Д. В. (2016). Проблемы трансграничного взаимодействия и развития бизнеса в приграничных регионах США. Международный журнал прикладных и фундаментальных исследований, (5), 776-780.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Антонюк, В. С., Корниенко, Е. Л. (2022). Экономическое развитие старопромышленных приграничных регионов Российской Федерации. Journal of New Economy, 23 (2), 45-63. https://doi.org/10.29141/2658–5081-2022-23-2-3 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Епифанова, Н. С., Акулинин, В. Н. (2021). Приграничная торговля регионов России и провинций Китая. Вестник Новосибирского государственного университета. Серия: История, филология, 20 (10), 103-116. https://doi.org/10.25205/1818–7919-2021-20-10-103-116 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клейнер, Г. Б. (2019). Экономика экосистем: шаг в будущее. Экономическое возрождение России, (1(59)), 40-45.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузавко, А. С. (2023). Приграничные регионы в условиях интеграции: теоретические оценки и практические результаты. Вестник Института экономики Российской академии наук, (2), 108-130. https://doi.org/10.52180/2073–6487_2023_2_108_130</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лаврикова, Ю. Г., Андреева, Е. Л., Ратнер, А. В. (2021). Классификация факторов развития внешнеэкономической деятельности региона в условиях глобальных вызовов. Экономика региона, 17 (2), 688-712. https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-2-24 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маликов, Р. И., Гришин, К. Е. (2018). Методологические подходы к исследованию региональной экосистемы предпринимательства. Вестник УГНТУ. Наука, образование, экономика. Серия: Экономика, (3(25)), 113-124.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Морошкина, М. В. (2019). Основные механизмы развития приграничных территорий: экономический и социальный аспект (на примере России и Финляндии). Региональная экономика: теория и практика, 17 (5), 895-909. https://doi.org/10.24891/RE.17.5.895</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мурзагалина, Г. М. (2019). Особенности исследования предпринимательской среды регионов. Экономика: вчера, сегодня, завтра, 9 (9А), 210-218. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Овчинникова, А. В., Зимин, С. Д. (2021). Рождение концепции предпринимательских экосистем и ее эволюция. Экономика, предпринимательство и право, 11 (6), 1497–1514. https://doi.org/10.18334/epp.11.6.112307</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Овчинникова, А. В., Зимин, С. Д. (2022). Система и системность как основа классификационного подхода к определению предпринимательских экосистем. Экономика, предпринимательство и право, 12 (2), 495-510. https://doi.org/10.18334/epp.12.2.114177</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прохорова, В. В., Коломыц, О. Н., Степанец, Л. Ю. (2020). Региональные предпринимательские экосистемы как прогрессивная форма социально-экономического развития сельских территорий. Вестник Института дружбы народов Кавказа (Теория экономики и управления народным хозяйством). Экономические науки, (3(55)), 31-36.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнов, В. П. (2018). Использование возможностей территорий опережающего развития для формирования предпринимательских экосистем. Управленческие науки в современном мире, 1 (1), 539-543. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смицких, К. В. (2022). Теоретические аспекты взаимодействия акторов предпринимательской экосистемы. Креативная экономика, 16 (10), 3901–3912. http://doi.org/10.18334/ce.16.10.116323 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Солодилова, Н. З., Гришин, К. Е., Маликов, Р. И. (2018). Конфигурационный подход к исследованию региональной экосистемы предпринимательства. Экономическая политика, 13 (5), 134-155. </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хмелева, Г. А., Неделька, Э. (2022). Современные глобальные вызовы и риски для трансграничного сотрудничества регионов. Экономические отношения, 12 (3), 309-322. https://doi.org/10.18334/eo.12.3.115098 </mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acs, Z. J., Autio, E., &amp; Szerb, L. (2014). National systems of entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications. Research Policy, 43 (3), 476–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.08.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barykin, S. Y., Kapustina, I. V., Kirillova, T. V., Yadykin, V., &amp; Konnikov, Y. A. (2020). Economics of Digital Ecosystems. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6 (4), 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040124</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bochulia, T. (2021). Digital business transformation: Trends, innovative models, a development program. E3S Web of Conferences, 307, 02001. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130702001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brodny, J., &amp; Tutak, M. (2023). Assessing regional implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 9 “Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation” in Poland. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 195, 122773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122773</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown, R., &amp; Mason, C. (2017). Looking inside the spiky bits: A critical review and conceptualization of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Small Business Economics, 49 (1), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9865-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elia, G., Margherita, A., &amp; Passiante, G. (2020). Digital entrepreneurship ecosystem: How digital technologies and collective intelligence are reshaping the entrepreneurial process. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 150, 119791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119791</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin, M., Han, X., &amp; Li, M. (2023). Trade-offs of multiple urban ecosystem services based on land-use scenarios in the Tumen River cross-border area. Ecological Modelling, 482, 110368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110368</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lafuente, E., Ács, Z. J., &amp; Szerb, L. (2021). A composite indicator analysis for optimizing entrepreneurial ecosystems. Research Policy, 51 (9) 104379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104379</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leendertse, J., Schrijvers, M., &amp; Stam, E. (2022). Measure Twice, Cut Once: Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Metrics. Research Policy, 51 (9), 104336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104336</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li-Ying, J., Sofka, W., &amp; Tuertscher, Ph. (2022). Managing innovation ecosystems around Big Science Organizations. Technovation, 116, 102523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102523</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palmié, M., Miehé, L., Oghazi, P., Parida, V., &amp; Wincent, J. (2022). The evolution of the digital service ecosystem and digital business model innovation in retail: The emergence of meta-ecosystems and the value of physical interactions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 177, 121496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121496</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pushpananthan G., &amp; Elmquist, M. (2022). Joining forces to create value: The emergence of an innovation ecosystem. Technovation, 115, 102453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2021.102453</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simmonds, H., Gazley, A., Kaartemo, V., Renton, M., &amp; Hooper, V. (2021). Mechanisms of service ecosystem emergence: Exploring the case of public sector digital transformation. Journal of Business Research, 137, 100-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.08.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spilling, O. R. (1996). The entrepreneurial system: On entrepreneurship in the context of a mega-event. Journal of Business Research, 36 (1), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148–2963(95)00166-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stam, E., &amp; Spigel, B. (2016). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. Utrecht School of Economics. Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute. Discussion Paper Series 16-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref32"><label>32</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tartaruga, I., Sperotto, F., Carvalho, L. (2024). Addressing inclusion, innovation, and sustainability challenges through the lens of economic geography: Introducing the hierarchical regional innovation system. Geography and Sustainability, 5 (1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2023.10.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref33"><label>33</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ullah, A., Pinglu, Ch., Ullah, S., Qaisar, Z. H., &amp; Qian, N. (2022). The dynamic nexus of E-Government, and sustainable development: Moderating role of multi-dimensional regional integration index in Belt and Road partner countries. Technology in Society, 68, 101903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101903</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref34"><label>34</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urom, Ch., &amp; Ndubuisi, G. (2023). Do geopolitical risks and global market factors influence the dynamic dependence among regional sustainable investments and major commodities? The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 91, 94-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2023.07.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ru-ref35"><label>35</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang, H., Gou, X., Xue, B., Xu, J., Wei, Y., &amp; Ma, W. (2023). Measuring the cross-border spillover effects and telecoupling processes of ecosystem services in Western China. Environmental Research, 239 (1), 117291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117291</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>