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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><issn publication-format="print">2072-6414</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1406</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17059/ekon.reg.2025-1-14</article-id><title-group xml:lang="en"><article-title>The Impact of Smoothing the Economic Inequality through Personal Income Tax on the Differentiation of Tax Revenues in Russian Regions</article-title></title-group><title-group xml:lang="ru"><article-title>Влияние сглаживания экономического неравенства с помощью НДФЛ на дифференциацию налоговых доходов регионов России</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-6353</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pugachev </surname><given-names>Andrey A. </given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пугачев</surname><given-names>Андрей Александрович </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>andrxim@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">P. G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ярославский государственный университет им. П. Г. Демидова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-17" publication-format="electronic"/><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>195</fpage><lpage>213</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-03-21"/><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-05-15"/></history><permissions xml:lang="en"><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2025 Andrey A. Pugachev</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Andrey A. Pugachev</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read/><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><permissions xml:lang="ru"><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2025 Андрей Александрович Пугачев</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Андрей Александрович Пугачев</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read/><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="html" mimetype="text/html" xlink:title="article webpage" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/832">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/832</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" mimetype="application/pdf" xlink:title="article pdf" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/832/411">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/832/411</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Income taxation in Russia has significant potential to enhance the fairness of tax burden distribution. This study aims to assess the potential of tools for reducing economic inequality in Russia through personal income tax (PIT), evaluating their impact on regional tax revenue differentiation while ensuring fiscal neutrality. A scenario analysis of the budgetary consequences for regions was conducted using the current tax levels and five scenarios: three options for a tax-free allowance, an increase in the progressive PIT rate, and a tax reform in 2025. The calculations were carried out using the MS Excel Data Analysis package. Five indicators of variation, differentiation, and concentration of PIT revenues across 85 regions of Russia for 2023 were analysed, generating a dataset of 3.7 thousand indicators. The study found that implementing all proposed scenarios for reducing inequality through PIT would exacerbate the already high regional differentiation in tax revenues. The most effective and budget-neutral scenario for smoothing inequality is the introduction of a tax-free allowance for taxpayers earning less than three minimum wages, benefiting 60 % of the employed population. To compensate for the shortfall in budget revenues, a 35 % tax rate would be needed on incomes exceeding 100 million roubles annually for 25.8 thousand, or 0.035 %, of taxpayers. In this case, the Gini coefficient for citizens’ income would decrease from 0.403 to 0.38. The additional PIT receipts from the 2025 tax reform would enable the introduction of a tax-free allowance equal to the minimum wage for 30 % of taxpayers with incomes below 1.67 minimum wages, reducing the Gini coefficient to 0.388. The negative impact of these scenarios on regional tax revenue differentiation is expected to be offset by consolidating additional federal budget revenue from the increased tax rate, followed by inter-budgetary redistribution to compensate for regional income losses due to the tax-free allowance. The study’s findings are relevant for efforts to redistribute the PIT burden in a way that ensures fairness and reduces income inequality.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Подоходное налогообложение в России имеет существенный потенциал повышения справедливости распределения налогового бремени. Цель исследования — обоснование возможностей инструментов сглаживания экономического неравенства россиян посредством НДФЛ на основе оценки их влияния на дифференциацию регионов по налоговым доходам для обеспечения бюджетной нейтральности. Сценарный анализ бюджетных последствий для регионов проведен по фактически сложившемуся уровню и по пяти ситуациям: введение трех вариантов необлагаемого минимума при повышении прогрессивной ставки НДФЛ и налоговой реформы 2025 г. Расчеты проведены в пакете «Анализ данных» MS Excel. Проанализированы пять показателей вариации, дифференциации и концентрации налоговых поступлений НДФЛ для 85 регионов России за 2023 г. Сформирован Data из 3,7 тыс. показателей. Установлено, что внедрение всех сценариев сглаживания неравенства граждан посредством НДФЛ приведет к наращиванию и без того высокой дифференциации регионов по налоговым доходам. Более эффективным с позиций сглаживания неравенства и бюджетно нейтральным сценарием является введение необлагаемого минимума в размере МРОТ для налогоплательщиков с доходами менее трех МРОТ, который коснется 60 % занятых. Компенсация выпадающих бюджетных доходов потребует введения ставки 35 % для доходов свыше 100 млн руб. в год для 25,8 тыс., или 0,035 % налогоплательщиков. Коэффициент Джини по доходам граждан в этом случае снизится с 0,403 до 0,38. Дополнительные поступления НДФЛ в рамках налоговой реформы 2025 г. позволят ввести необлагаемый минимум в размере МРОТ для 30 % налогоплательщиков с доходами ниже 1,67 МРОТ. Это способствует снижению коэффициента Джини до 0,388. Негативное влияние рассматриваемых сценариев на дифференциацию регионов по налоговым доходам призвано нивелировать закрепление дополнительных доходов от повышенной ставки за федеральным бюджетом, с последующим межбюджетным перераспределением этих средств для компенсации выпадающих от необлагаемого минимума доходов регионов. Результаты исследования представляют интерес в рамках задачи перераспределения налоговой нагрузки по НДФЛ для обеспечения справедливости налогообложения и сглаживания неравенства доходов.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>economic inequality of citizens</kwd><kwd>differentiation of regions</kwd><kwd>personal income tax</kwd><kwd>budget neutrality</kwd><kwd>tax-free allowance</kwd><kwd>progressive rate</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экономическое неравенство граждан</kwd><kwd>дифференциация регионов</kwd><kwd>НДФЛ</kwd><kwd>бюджетная нейтральность</kwd><kwd>необлагаемый минимум</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body/><back><ack xml:lang="en"><p>The Research was supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation No. 23-28-00365, https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-28-00365/.</p></ack><ack xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-28-00365, https://rscf.ru/project/23-28-00365/.</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Давлетшин, Т. 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