2072-64142411-140610.17059/ekon.reg.2023-3-10Assessing Inequality of Income Distribution and Education in the Regions of KazakhstanОценка неравенства распределения доходов и образования в регионах Казахстанаhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3412-3706KireyevaAnel A. Киреева Анель Ахметовна kireyeva.anel@ieconom.kzhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5390-5776Nurbatsin Akan S. Нурбацин Акан Сейтканович nakans_kz@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9564-5503Khalitova Madina M. ХалитоваМадина Муратовна madinakhalidi@mail.ruInstitute of Economics of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of KazakhstanИнститут экономики Комитета науки Министерства науки и высшего образования Республики КазахстанKenzhegali Sagadiyev University of International BusinessУниверситет международного бизнеса имени Кенжегали Сагадиева193741752Copyright © 2023 Anel A. Kireyeva, Akan S. Nurbatsin, Madina M. KhalitovaCopyright © 2023 Анель Ахметовна Киреева, Акан Сейтканович Нурбацин, Мадина Муратовна Халитова2023Anel A. Kireyeva, Akan S. Nurbatsin, Madina M. KhalitovaАнель Ахметовна Киреева, Акан Сейтканович Нурбацин, Мадина Муратовна ХалитоваCC BY 4.0https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/682https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/682/229

In the current social conditions, the problems of inequality associated with the uneven distribution of income in society is an important research problem. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the level of regional differences in income distribution in developing countries like Kazakhstan. The study aims to assess the influence of income, social expenditures, and inequality in the distribution of education and education costs between different regions of Kazakhstan. Unlike previous scientific papers in this area, this paper uses panel data on the distribution of human capital and income in 17 regions of Kazakhstan. The methodological framework of the research is represented by methods of statistical assessment of economic inequality, such as the indicator of differentiation, reflecting the degree of social and economic inequality. Based on the proposed methodology, we analysed the disparity in the level of education and obtained data on the standard deviations of the distribution of education for the population of the regions of Kazakhstan. According to these data, inequality changes over time and affects the distribution of education and education costs between different areas. Income inequality is slightly higher in Karaganda and East-Kazakhstan regions; other areas have a more equitable income distribution by about 0.05 Gini coefficients. The regression specification shows that large megacities like Shymkent, Almaty, and Astana have a more significant influence, while Mangystau and North-Kazakhstan regions have minor power. The obtained results emphasise the importance ensuring access to education for reducing regional disparities and achieving stability in income distribution.

Важной социальной проблемой является вопрос неравномерного распределения доходов. В связи с этим актуальным становится изучение региональных различий в распределении доходов в развивающихся странах, таких как Казахстан. Цель исследования — оценка влияния доходов, социальных расходов и неравенства на образование и затраты на образование в различных регионах Казахстана. В отличие от предыдущих научных работ в этой области, в данной статье анализируются панельные данные о распределении человеческого капитала и доходов в 17 регионах Казахстана. Для статистической оценки использован показатель дифференциации, отражающий степень социального и экономического неравенства. На основе предложенной методики проанализированы различия в уровне образования. Согласно полученным данным, неравенство меняется с течением времени и влияет как на образование, так и на затраты на образование в различных сферах. Неравенство доходов несколько выше в Карагандинской и Восточно-Казахстанской областях; в других регионах доходы распределены более равномерно, примерно на 0,05 коэффициента Джини. Спецификация регрессии показывает, что в крупных мегаполисах, таких как Шымкент, Алматы и Астана, исследуемые показатели оказывают большее влияние, тогда как в Мангистауской и Северо-Казахстанской областях их воздействие меньше. Полученные результаты подчеркивают важность образования для сокращения региональных различий и достижения равномерного распределения доходов.

regional developmentregional disparitieseconomic growthsocial inequalitysocial expensesincome distributioneducationKuznets curveGini coefficientKazakhstanрегиональное развитиерегиональные различияэкономический ростсоциальное неравенствосоциальные расходыраспределение доходовобразованиекривая Кузнецакоэффициент ДжиниКазахстан

The article has been prepared with the support of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the project AP09259332 “Transformation of the economic conscious of society in the conditions of the pathology of the economy (on the example of the Republic of Kazakhstan)”.

Статья подготовлена при поддержке Комитета науки Министерства науки и высшего образования Республики Казахстан, проект AP09259332 «Трансформация экономического сознания общества в условиях патологии экономики (на примере Республики Казахстан)».

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DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2881Rahmawati, F., Ananda, F. P. & Narmaditya, B. S. (2020). Socio-economic indicators and income inequality: Lesson from West Java in Indonesia. Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice, 28(3), 1114. DOI: 10.46585/sp28031114Ram, R. (1984). Population Increase, Economic Growth, Educational Inequality, and Income Distribution: Some Recent Evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 14, 419–428. DOI: 10.1016/0304-3878(84)90069-5Rubin, A. & Segal, D. (2015). The effects of economic growth on income inequality in the US. Journal of Macroeconomics, 45, 258–273. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2015.05.007Thomas, V., Wang, Y. & Fan, X. (2003). Measuring education inequality: Gini coefficients of education for 140 countries, 1960-2000. Journal of Education Planning and Administration, 17(1), 5-33. Winegarden, C. R. (1979). Schooling and income distribution: Evidence from international data. Economica, 46(181), 83-87. Xu, L. C. & Zou, H. (2000). Explaining the changes of income distribution in China. China Economic Review, 11(2), 149-170. DOI: 10.1016/S1043-951X(00)00015-8Asghar, N., Awan, A. T. & Rehman, H. U. (2011). Exploring the Linkages Among Economic Growth, Openness, Income Inequality, Education and Health in Pakistan. Canadian Social Science, 7, 82-88. DOI: 10.3968/J.CSS.1923669720110706.094Barro, R. J. & Lee, J. W. (2001). International data on educational attainment: Updates and implications. Oxford Economic Papers, 53(3), 541-563. DOI: 10.1093/OEP/53.3.541Bekturganova, M., Satybaldin, A. & Yessekina, B. (2019). Conceptual framework for the formation of low-carbon development: Kazakhstan’s experience. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9(1), 48–56. DOI: 10.32479/ijeep.7294Benabou, R. (2000). Unequal Societies: Income Distribution and the Social Contract. American Economic Review, 90(1), 96-129. DOI: 10.1257/AER.90.1.96Berg, A. G. & Ostry, J. D. (2017). Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin? IMF Economic Review, 65(4), 792–815. DOI: 10.1057/s41308-017-0030-8Castelló, A. & Doménech, R. (2002). Human Capital Inequality and Economic Growth: Some New Evidence. Economic Journal, 112(478), 187–200. DOI: 10.1111/1468-0297.00024Chesters, J. & Watson, L. (2013). Understanding the persistence of inequality in higher education: evidence from Australia. Journal of Education Policy, 28(2), 198–215. DOI: 10.1080/02680939.2012.694481de Gregorio, J. D. & Lee, J. W. (2002). Education and Income Inequality: New Evidence from Cross-Country Data. Review of Income and Wealth, 48(3), 395–416. DOI: 10.1111/1475-4991.00060Farris, F. (2010). The Gini Index and Measures of Inequality. The American Mathematical Monthly, 117(10), 851–864. DOI: 10.4169/000298910X523344Földvári, P. & van Leeuwen, B. (2011). Should Less Inequality in Education Lead to a More Equal Income Distribution? Education Economics, 19(5), 537–554. DOI: 10.1080/09645292.2010.488472Gujarati, D. N. (1995). Basic Econometrics. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book Company, 838. Higgins, M. & Williamson, J. G. (1999). Explaining inequality the world round: Cohort size, Kuznets curves, and openness. Southeast Asian Studies, 40(3), 268–302. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.173408Kangalakova, D. M. & Rakhmetova, D. A. (2021). Structural Features of the Intellectual Potential of the Regions and its Impact on the Development of the Country. Ekonomika: strategiya i praktika [Economics: the strategy and practice], 16(3), 22–34. DOI: 10.51176/1997-9967-2021-22-34 (In Kazakh)Kireyeva, A. A., Kredina, A., Vasa, L. & Satpayeva, Z. T. (2021). Impact of financial technologies on economic development: theories, methods and analysis. Journal of International Studies, 14(4), 286-303. DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2021/14-4/19Klasen, S. (2002). Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development. The World Bank Economic Review, 16(3), 345-373. DOI: 10.1093/WBER%2FLHF004Knight, J. B. & Sabot, R. H. (1983). Educational Expansion and the Kuznets Effect. American Economic Review, 7(5), 1132–1136.Kopeyeva, A. (2020). Understanding Factors behind Regional Inequality in Education in Kazakhstan. Central Asian Affairs, 7(1), 38–79. DOI: 10.30965/22142290-0701002Krugman, P. & Venables, A. J. (1995). Globalization and the inequality of nations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(4), 857–880. DOI: 10.2307/2946642Lee, J. & Wie, D. (2017). Wage Structure and Gender Earnings Differentials in China and India. World Development, 97, 313–329. DOI: 10.1016/J.WORLDDEV.2017.04.016Lustig, R. H. Schmidt, L. A. & Brindis, C. D. (2012) Public health: the toxic truth about sugar. Nature, 482, 27–29. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/482027aMarchand, Y., Dubé, J. & Breau, S. (2020). Exploring the Causes and Consequences of Regional Income Inequality in Canada. Economic Geography, 96(20), 83–107. DOI: 10.1080/00130095.2020.1715793Mincer, J. A. (1974). Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 152.Niţă, S. C., Radulică, M. I. & Gunnarsson, G. (2020). The Evolution of Inequalities and the Impact of Education on Economic Growth in Romania. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Economic and Social Sciences (pp. 470-478). DOI: 10.2478/9788366675162-048Nurlanova, N. K., Satybaldin, A. A., Bekturganova, M. A. & Kireyeva, A. A. (2018). Spatial distribution of economic growth and inequality: Kazakhstan’s experience. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 5(3), 183–192. DOI: 10.13106/JAFEB.2018.VOL5.NO3.169Park, K. (1996). Educational expansion and educational inequality on income distribution. Economics of Education Review, 15, 51–58.Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 685.Psacharopoulos, G. & Patrinos, H. A. (2004). Returns to investment in education: A further update. Education Economics, 12(2), 111–134. DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2881Rahmawati, F., Ananda, F. P. & Narmaditya, B. S. (2020). Socio-economic indicators and income inequality: Lesson from West Java in Indonesia. Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice, 28(3), 1114. DOI: 10.46585/sp28031114Ram, R. (1984). Population Increase, Economic Growth, Educational Inequality, and Income Distribution: Some Recent Evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 14, 419–428. DOI: 10.1016/0304-3878(84)90069-5Rubin, A. & Segal, D. (2015). The effects of economic growth on income inequality in the US. Journal of Macroeconomics, 45, 258–273. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2015.05.007Thomas, V., Wang, Y. & Fan, X. (2003). Measuring education inequality: Gini coefficients of education for 140 countries, 1960-2000. Journal of Education Planning and Administration, 17(1), 5-33. Winegarden, C. R. (1979). Schooling and income distribution: Evidence from international data. Economica, 46(181), 83-87. Xu, L. C. & Zou, H. (2000). Explaining the changes of income distribution in China. China Economic Review, 11(2), 149-170. DOI: 10.1016/S1043-951X(00)00015-8