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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Archiving and Interchange DTD v1.4 20241031//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/archiving/1.4/JATS-archive-oasis-article1-4-mathml3.dtd">
<article xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><issn publication-format="print">2072-6414</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2411-1406</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17059/ekon.reg.2026-2-16</article-id><title-group xml:lang="en"><article-title>The Paradox of Informalized Growth: Shadow Economy Expansion and Fiscal Erosion in Ethiopia, 1990–2023</article-title></title-group><title-group xml:lang="ru"><article-title>Парадокс неформального роста: рост теневой экономики и фискальная эрозия в Эфиопии с 1990 по 2023 г.</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7140-4497</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sisay</surname><given-names>Moges Asmare</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сисай </surname><given-names>Могес Асмаре</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>mogesasmare@wldu.edu.et</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8791-665X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mayburov</surname><given-names>Igor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Майбуров</surname><given-names>Игорь Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>mayburov.home@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Woldia University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Волдия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский федеральный университет им. первого Президента России Б. Н. Ельцина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Финансовый университет при Правительстве РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2026-06-26"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection" iso-8601-date="2026-06-26"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>461</fpage><lpage>474</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-06"><day>06</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright © 2026 Moges Asmare Sisay, Igor A. Mayburov</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright © 2026 Могес Асмаре Сисай, Игорь Анатольевич Майбуров</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Moges Asmare Sisay, Igor A. Mayburov</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Могес Асмаре Сисай, Игорь Анатольевич Майбуров</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read/><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="html" mimetype="text/html" xlink:title="article webpage" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/1496">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/view/1496</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" mimetype="application/pdf" xlink:title="article pdf" xlink:href="https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/1496/1520">https://www.economyofregions.org/ojs/index.php/er/article/download/1496/1520</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study investigates the size, determinants, and fiscal impact of Ethiopia’s shadow economy from 1990 to 2023, addressing a critical gap in understanding how pervasive informality constrains tax policy and revenue mobilization in developing economies. The research employs a sequential three-stage econometric methodology. First, an Enhanced Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (EMIMIC) model, estimated within a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) framework, is used to quantify the latent shadow economy, analysing seven cause variables (e. g., tax burden, GDP per capita, government expenditure) and four indicator variables (e. g., self-employment, electricity consumption gap). Second, these estimates are calibrated to construct a shadow-adjusted GDP series. Third, the fiscal implications are rigorously assessed through comparative Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) models and Diebold-Mariano tests to evaluate differences in tax elasticity and revenue forecasting performance between conventional and shadow-adjusted specifications. The results reveal a dramatic expansion of the shadow economy from 24.79 % to 61.69 % of official GDP over the period. The analysis identifies a paradoxical positive association with GDP per capita (+0.581) and a significant negative relationship with government expenditure (-0.350), while the direct tax burden is statistically insignificant. Fiscal impact analysis demonstrates that accounting for informality alters the long-run tax elasticity estimate by 13.8 %. The recommendations include integrating shadow economy estimates into national accounts and fiscal planning, simplifying tax systems through broad-based digital presumptive regimes, and using public procurement to encourage business formalization. Together, these measures can support a more sustainable and inclusive fiscal framework.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В данном исследовании изучаются масштабы, детерминанты и воздействие теневой экономики на собираемость налогов в Эфиопии в период с 1990 по 2023 г., восполняя критический пробел в понимании того, как повсеместная неформальность ограничивает налоговую политику и мобилизацию доходов в развивающихся странах. В исследовании используется последовательная трехэтапная эконометрическая методология. Для количественной оценки скрытой теневой экономики используется расширенная модель множественных индикаторов и множественных причин (EMIMIC), модель векторной коррекции ошибок (VECM) с анализом семи переменных причин (например, налоговое бремя, ВВП на душу населения, государственные расходы) и четырех переменных-индикаторов (например, самозанятость, разрыв в потреблении электроэнергии). Эти оценки калибруются для построения ряда ВВП с поправкой на теневую экономику. Влияние теневой экономики на собираемость налогов тщательно анализируется с помощью сравнительных авторегрессионных моделей с распределенными лагами (ARDL) и тестов Диболда-Мариано для оценки различий в эластичности налогообложения и точности прогнозирования доходов между традиционными и скорректированными с учетом теневой экономики спецификациями. Результаты показывают резкий рост теневой экономики с 24,79 до 61,69 % в ВВП за рассматриваемый период. Анализ выявляет парадоксальную положительную связь теневой экономики с ВВП на душу населения (+0,581) и значительную отрицательную связь с государственными расходами (-0,350), в то время как прямое налоговое бремя статистически незначимо. Анализ влияния теневой экономики на собираемость налогов показывает, что учет неформальной экономики изменяет оценку долгосрочной эластичности налогообложения на 13,8 %. Рекомендации предусматривают формальную интеграцию оценок теневой экономики с национальными счетами и налоговым планированием, стратегический сдвиг в налоговой политике от высоких ставок к упрощению широкой базы за счет цифровых презумптивных режимов, а также использование государственных закупок для снижения теневой экономики, тем самым создавая более устойчивую и инклюзивную налоговую структуру.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>shadow economy</kwd><kwd>tax elasticity</kwd><kwd>MIMIC Model</kwd><kwd>VECM</kwd><kwd>ARDL</kwd><kwd>structural break</kwd><kwd>fiscal capacity</kwd><kwd>Ethiopia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>теневая экономика</kwd><kwd>налоговая эластичность</kwd><kwd>модель MIMIC</kwd><kwd>VECM</kwd><kwd>ARDL</kwd><kwd>структурный разрыв</kwd><kwd>налоговый потенциал</kwd><kwd>Эфиопия</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body/><back><ack xml:lang="en"><p>This article is based on research funded through the state assignment of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation.</p></ack><ack xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья подготовлена по результатам исследований, выполненных за счет бюджетных средств по госу-дарственному заданию Финансового университета при Правительстве Российской Федерации.</p></ack><ref-list><ref id="en-ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bekana, D. 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